Table 1 Cephalometric measurements and landmarks

Distances (mm)

Wits

distance between the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the maxilla (Point A, (A)) and the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the mandibula (Point B, (B)) at occlusal plane level (distance between Point hPOcP and half of the distance of Point Is1o and Point Is1u)

ULE

distance between the most anterior point of the upper lip (Point Ls, (Ls)) and the distance (esthetic line, (E)) between the most anterior point of the soft tissue of the chin (Point Pog’, (Pog’)) and the most anterior point of the soft tissue of the nose (Point Ns, (Ns))

LLE

distance between the most anterior point of the lower lip (LL, (Li)) and the distance (esthetic line, (E)) between the most anterior point of the soft tissue of the chin (Point Pog’, (Pog’)) and the most anterior point of the soft tissue of the nose (Point Ns, (Ns))

Angles (°)

SNA

angle between the cranial base (SN) and the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the maxilla (Point A, (A))

SNB

angle between the cranial base (SN) and the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the mandibula (Point B, (B))

ANB

angle between the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the maxilla (Point A, (A)), the deepest point of the nasofrontal suture (Nasion, (N)) and the deepest point on the curvature of the anterior surface of the mandibula (Point B, (B))

NL-SN

angle between the distance Spa-Spp (nasal line, (NL)) and the cranial base (SN)

ML-SN

angle between the mandibular plane (ML) and the cranial base (SN)

ML-NL

angle between the mandibular plane (ML) and the distance Spa-Spp (nasal line, (NL))

MeGoAr

gonial angle: angle between the most inferior point of the mandibular symphysis (Menton, (Me)), the most inferior posterior point of the mandibular angle (Gonion, (Go)) and the intersection of the dorsal contour of the condylar head and the contour of the posterior cranial base (Articulare, (Ar))

U1-NL

angle between the distance Ap1o-Is1o (longitudinal axis of the upper central incisor, (U1)) and the distance Spa-Spp (nasal line, (NL))

L1-ML

angle between the distance Ap1u-Is1u (longitudinal axis of the lower central incisor, (L1)) and the mandibular plane (ML)

Nasolabial

angle between the distance Ls-Sn and the distance Sn-CoTg

OP-ML

angle between the occlusal plane (OP) and the mandibular plane (ML)