Table 2 Summarized data of the included studies in the review
From: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of infraoccluded deciduous teeth: a systematic review
Author | Year | Localisation | Examination | Measurement | Reference for measurement | Classification of infraocclusion | Method |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rune [23] | 1971 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | none | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the incisal edge of the deciduous canine, the incisors and the cusps of all teeth in occlusion) | none | clinical examination, dental casts |
upper and lower jaw | alveolar ridge | none | none | radiographs (intraoral radiographs) | |||
Brearley, McKibben [16] | 1973 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | slight: occlusal surface is located approximately 1 mm below the occlusal plane, moderate: occlusal surface is at the height of the contact point of one or both adjacent teeth, severe: occlusal surface is located at the level of or below the gingiva | clinical examination, radiographs (intraoral radiographs) | ||
Darling, Levers [17] | 1973 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the cusps or midpoint between lingual and buccal cusps of the adjacent teeth) | (1) slight, (2) marked (3) occlusal surface of tooth only just visible, (4) very deep, (5) very deep and “floating” free in an abscess cavity | dental casts, radiographs (intraoral radiographs) |
Sullivan [49] | 1976 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | according to Darling and Levers, 1973 | not specified | ||
Messer, Cline [6] | 1980 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | slight: occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth is approximately 1 mm below the occlusal plane (closest to non-affected neighboring teeth), moderate: occlusal surface is at the height of the contact point of one or both adjacent teeth, severe: occlusal surface is located at the level of or below the papilla | dental casts | ||
upper and lower jaw | alveolar ridge | not specified | attachment loss in relation to the height of the alveolar ridge | radiographs (intraoral radiographs) | |||
Brown [46] | 1981 | upper and lower jaw | skeletal growth pattern | anterior/posterior facial height (perpendicular distance nasion - maxillary plane - menton/gonion), anterior/posterior maxillary height (maxillary plane - menton/gonion) | radiographs (lateral cephalograms), extraoral photographs | ||
Koyoumdjisky-Kaye, Steigman [50] | 1982 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | according to Brearley and McKibben, 1973 | dental casts | ||
Koyoumdjisky-Kaye, Steigman [5] | 1982 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | according to Brearley and McKibben, 1973 | dental casts | ||
Kula et al. [47] | 1984 | upper and lower jaw | skeletal growth pattern | sella-nasion - sella gnathion angle, sella-nasion - mandibular plane angle | radiographs (lateral cephalograms) | ||
Kurol [1] | 1984 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | not specified | not specified | |
Kurol, Thilander [8] | 1984 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the mesiobuccal cusp of the first permanent molar and the incisal edge of the central incisors) | dental casts | |
lower jaw | alveolar process | absolute in millimeters | distance from the most coronal point of the furcation of the first permanent molar to the inferior border of the mandible | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |||
Kurol, Thilander [20] | 1984 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the mesiobuccal cusp of the first permanent molar and the incisal edge of the central incisors) | dental casts | |
lower jaw | alveolar process | absolute in millimeters | distance from the most coronal point of the furcation of the first permanent molar to the inferior border of the mandible | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |||
Kurol, Koch [42] | 1985 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the mesiobuccal cusp of the first permanent molar and the incisal edge of the central incisors) | dental casts | |
lower jaw | alveolar ridge | not specified | not specified | radiographs (intraoral radiographs) | |||
Kurol, Olson [45] | 1991 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | not specified | not specified | not specified | |
upper and lower jaw | alveolar ridge | absolute in millimeters | distance from the cementoenemal junction mesial to the first permanent molar to the alveolar ridge | radiographs (bitewing radiographs) | |||
Raghoebar et al. [28] | 1991 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance form the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded tooth and the occlusal plane of the affected jaw | clinical examination | |
upper and lower jaw | alveolar ridge | not specified | not specified | radiographs (intraoral radiographss, panoramic radiographs) | |||
Becker, Karnei-R’em [26] | 1992 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the mindpoint of the occlusal table of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the connecting line of the midpoints of the occlusal level of the adjacent teeth | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Becker, Karnei-R’em [10] | 1992 | lower jaw | alveolar process | absolute in millimeters | distance from the center of the occlusal table of the adjacent teeth to the inferior border of the mandible running parallel to the skeletal midline | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Bjerklin, Bennett [12] | 2000 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring teeth | radiographs (intraoral radiographs) | |
Antoniades et al. [51] | 2002 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | partial: infraposition of the ankylosed deciduous tooth ≤ 3 mm, severe: infraposition ≥ 3 mm, occlusal surface visible, total: occlusal surface no longer visible, presence of the tooth only detectable on radiograph | radiographs | ||
Quintero et al. [52] | 2003 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | grade (I) crown of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth is located at the level of the alveolar ridge, grade (II) crown is located below the alveolar ridge | radiographs | ||
Mass et al. [18] | 2004 | lower jaw | alveolar ridge | in millimeters by pixel analysis | distance from the cementoenemal junction of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth/neighboring teeth/antagonist to the alveolar ridge | radiographs (bitewing radiographs) | |
Leonardi et al. [22] | 2005 | lower jaw | skeletal growth pattern | condyle-gnathion angle, condyle-gonion angle, stable basicranial line angle, ramus angle (posterior border of the ramus - condyle), mandibular plane angle (inferior border of the ramus - gnathion) | radiographs (lateral cephalograms) | ||
Bjerklin et al. [53] | 2008 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Bjerklin and Bennett, 2000 | radiographs (dental film, bitewing radiographs) | |
Kjaer et al. [11] | 2008 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | mild: occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth is equal to or less than half crown height below the occlusal plane, moderate: occlusal surface is half to full crown height below the occlusal plane, severe: occlusal surface is equal to or more than full crown height below the occlusal plane, extreme: deciduous tooth is deeply subgingival located, occlusal surface is equal to or more than one and a half crown height below the occlusal plane | radiographs (panoramic radiographs, intraoral radiographs) | ||
lower jaw | alveolar process | absolute in millimeters | shortes distance from the alveolar ridge to the inferior border of the mandible through the midpoint of the mesio-distal collum width of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth | radiographs (panoramic radiographs, intraoral radiographs) | |||
Shalish et al. [14] | 2010 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the distal marginal ridge of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the mesial marginal ridge of the first permanent molar | mild: 1–2 mm, moderate: >2 mm < 5 mm, severe: >5 mm | dental casts |
Silvestrini Biavati et al. [54] | 2011 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Darling and Levers, 1973 | (1) 1–2 mm, (2) 2.5–4 mm, (3) 4.5–9 mm | dental casts |
Dias et al. [44] | 2012 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the first permanent molar and canine) | mild: occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth is approximately 1 mm below the occlusal plane, moderate: occlusal surface is at the height of or just below the contact point of the adjacent teeth | dental casts, radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |
lower jaw | alveolar process | absolute in millimeters | vertical change of the contour of the alveolar ridge (first permanent molar to canine) within two panoramic radiographs at least 12 months apart | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |||
Peretz et al. [19] | 2013 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal level of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring teeth) | radiographs (dental film) | |
alveolar ridge | absolute in millimeters | distance from the cementoenemal junction mesial and distal of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the alveolar ridge | radiographs (dental film) | ||||
Cardoso Silva et al. [24] | 2014 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Bjerklin and Bennett, 2000 modification: distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring mesial tooth and the most distal and totally erupted permanent first molar or primary second molar | mild: 1.0–1.9 mm, moderate: 2.0–2.9 mm, severe: ≥3 mm | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |
Hvaring et al. [15] | 2014 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | relative in millimeters | ratio of the crown height of the first permanent molar (y-axis) and the distance from the most prominent distal cusp of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (perpendicular to the y-axis) | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Shalish et al. [55] | 2014 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | vertical distance from the marginal ridge of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth and the marginal ridge of the neighboring first permanent molar | dental casts | |
Odeh et al. [13] | 2015 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (marginal ridge of the first permanent molar to the incisal edge of the deciduous canine) | mild: 1 mm to < 2 mm, moderate: 2 mm to < 3 mm, severe: ≥3 mm | dental casts, radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |
Odeh et al. [43] | 2016 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Odeh et al., 2015 | according to Odeh et al., 2015 | dental casts, radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |
Lanteri et al. [21] | 2020 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | not specified | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line from the most mesial point of the first permanent molar to the canine) | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
lower jaw | skeletal growth pattern | distance supraorbital point - spina nasalis anterior, distance spina nasalis anterior - menton, gonional angle (upper/lower/total), condyle position, mandibular shape | radiographs (lateral cephalograms) | ||||
Ciftic et al. [29] | 2021 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | according to Brearley and McKibben, 1973 | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | ||
Alshaya et al. [56] | 2022 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | according to Brearley and McKibben, 1973 | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | ||
Calheiros-Lobo et al. [41] | 2022 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring teeth) | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Eşian et al. [57] | 2022 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | mild: infraposition of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth < 1 mm, moderate: infraposition > 1 mm, severe: occlusal surface below the contact point of adjacent teeth | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | ||
Renugalakshmi et al. [30] | 2023 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Odeh et al., 2015 | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Akgöl et al. [38] | 2024 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring teeth) | according to Kjaer et al. 2008 | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |
Ishizuka et al. [58] | 2024 | upper and lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | distance from the occlusal surface of the infraoccluded deciduous tooth to the occlusal plane (connecting line of the cusps of the neighboring teeth); in the case of an angulation of the adjacent teeth a line was drawn between the tips of the highest cusps | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) | |
Marcianes et al. [59] | 2024 | lower jaw | occlusal offset | absolute in millimeters | according to Odeh et al., 2015, in the case of lacking the ipsilateral deciduous canine according to Cardoso et al., 2014 | radiographs (panoramic radiographs) |